Friday, January 11, 2013

Beware the cellphone tower


Humans like to categorize time. Depending on who’s doing the categorization—historians, astronomers, geologists and others—time forms into eons, eras or ages. Some are familiar, others are strange: the stone age, the Cenozoic era, the Renaissance, the dark ages, the industrial age, the space age.
But nowhere in the Holocene, the era of humans, are you likely to hear of the electromagnetic age.
We should because we are in the middle of it, absorbing—by some estimates—perhaps 100 million times more electromagnetic energy than our grandparents.
The electromagnetic age defines modern life. If you watch television, use a telephone, surf the Internet, get a brain scan or switch on the microwave, you are using electromagnetic waves.
Infrared rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, gamma rays, radio waves and visible light are all part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Of these, only visible light is discernible by the human eye. The rest are quiet, invisible waves of energy, differing from one another by the frequency, or length between wave crests.
The human body itself has an electromagnetic field. Although it’s very weak, the field is essential for keeping us healthy. What isn’t quite as healthy is the ceaseless bombardment by electromagnetic radiation from cellphones and cellphone towers. The latest alarm came earlier this week through the Hindustan Times (HT), which reported that Indian radiation limits for cellphone towers are 900 times higher than levels considered safe by international experts. This despite a September 1 2012 rule, raising India ’s cellphone-tower radiation safety limits by 90%.
Quoting the Bioinitiative 2012, a report released by 29 independent scientists from 10 countries (including India), HT said such radiation appeared to cause headaches, concentration and behavioural problems in children; sleep disturbances, headaches and concentration problems in adults.
Cellphone and cellphone-tower radiation is the most widespread fallout of the electromagnetic age and among its most contentious issues. There is no dispute that cellphone and cellphone towers subject us to greatly increased electromagnetic radiation. What is disputed—primarily by the industry—are the effects of this radiation.
A variety of studies in many countries indicate that cellphone towers should be sited between 300m to 500m from inhabited buildings. In Indian cities, where cellphone towers sprout on rooftops and walls, people sometimes live within 10m of an antenna.
While direct causality is difficult to establish, studies in countries as diverse as Spain, Germany, Israel, the US and India have noted an increasing incidence of cancers among those living near cellphone towers, notes a presentation made by Girish Kumar, a professor at the Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay). A 2004 Israeli study found a four-fold greater incidence of cancer among people living within 350m of a cellphone tower, in comparison to the country’s general population; among women that incidence increased ten-fold.
There does appear to be a correlation between the incidence of cancers and cellphone towers, but there is no direct evidence that these cancers are caused by the towers. Some argue that this is the same argument used for decades by the tobacco industry, which was finally forced to accept that smoking did cause cancer. But research on the medical effects of smoking is substantially more advanced than research on the effects of cellphone towers.
Kumar’s solution to possible radiation hazards has been to develop a variety of personal radiation shields, in the form of curtains, window films and table tops. He even has one in his pocket to diminish radiation from his cellphone.
And what of cellphones?
India’s department of telecommunications, on its website, has these guidelines: Keep your cellphone away from your body—to the extent that you can; use a wired or bluetooth headset; don’t press the phone against your head; use your cellphone on speaker mode; limit your calls; use text whenever possible; and when your phone is on, don’t carry it in a breast or pant pocket (a phone that is switched on sends a high-power burst of energy every one or two minutes to check its network).
Cellphones and their networks might have larger ecological effects, but there are, as yet, more questions than there is proof. For instance, might the disappearance of sparrows from our cities have anything to do with cellphone towers?
As we seek answers, it might be prudent for the government to do two things: one, tighten tower-radiation levels further; and, two, pressurize industry to reduce the power of cellphone towers. An industry that works on wafer-thin margins is unlikely to accede to these demands easily. The first will demand technology investments, the second will require more towers to compensate for weaker energy levels.
Caution, even if expensive, is a good idea. That’s why Indian cars now have seat belts and airbags. Like the car, the electromagnetic age has transformed humanity. It is now time to step back and closely study the deleterious effects of that transformation.

LTE DRIVE TEST PARAMETERS

RSRP :- Reference signal receive power.
•      RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

where RSSI = Received Signal Strength Indicator
             N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the BW

Significance :
RSRP is the most basic of the UE physical layer measurements and is the linear average power (in watts) of the downlink reference signals (RS) across the channel bandwidth for the Resource elements that carry cell specific Reference Signals. 

Knowledge of absolute RSRP provides the UE with essential information about the strength of cells from which path loss can be calculated and used in the algorithms for determining the optimum power settings for operating the network. Reference signal receive power is used both in idle and connected states
Range :-  -44 to -140 dBm

•      RSRP term is used for coverage same as RSCP in 3G

RSRQ :Reference signal receive quality

RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI / N)

N is the number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is measured

RSSI is wide band power, including intra cell power, interference and noise.

Significance :- 
 It provides the Indication of Signal Quality . Measuring RSRQ becomes particularly important near the cell edge when  decisions need to be made, regardless of absolute RSRP, to perform a handover to the next cell. Reference signal receive quality is used only during connected states

Range :-  -3 to -19.5 dB
      RSRQ term is used for Quality same as Ec/No in 3G.
•      SINR :- Signal to Noise Ratio.
SINR = S / I + N
             
               S -- Average Received Signal Power
                I  --  Average Interference power
                N --  Noise Power

Significance  : Is a way to measure the Quality of LTE Wireless Connections. As the energy of signal fades with distance i.e Path Loss due to environmental parameters ( e.g. background noise , interfering strength of other simultaneous transmission)

•      RSSI :- Received Signal Strength Indicator.
    RSSI = wideband power = noise + serving cell power + interference power
     RSSI=12*N*RSRP
     RSSI per resource block is measured over 12 resource elements.
N: number of RBs across the RSSI is measured and depends on the BW
Based on the above:
                                
RSRP (dBm) = RSSI (dBm) -10*log (12*N)

      Significance :– 
       Is the parameter represents the entire received power including the wanted power from the serving cell as well as all the co channel power & other sources of noise

     CQI :- Channel Quality Indicator
     Range :- 1 to 15
                 
        Significance:
       CQI is a measurement of the communication quality of wireless channels i.e. it indicates the downlink mobile radio channel quality as experienced by the UE .CQI can be a value representing a measure of channel quality for a given channel. Typically, a high value CQI is indicative of a channel with high quality and vice versa.
•      CQI is measured in the Dedicated mode only.
•    CQI depends on the RF conditions.
    Better the CQI better the throughput will get and vice versa.
•    PCI :- Physical Cell Id
      Range :- 0 to 503
    Significance - PCI used to identify the cell & is used to transmit the data
       PCI = PSS + 3*SSS
               PSS is Primary Synchronization Signal ( Identifies Cell Id  ).
               PSS value can be 0, 1 & 2
               SSS is Secondary Synchronization Signal ( identifies Cell Id
               group).
               SSS value can be 0 to 167.

    BLER :- Block Error Rate
•    Block Error Ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of erroneous   blocks received to the total number of blocks transmitted
     Significance - 
        A simple method by which a UE can choose an appropriate CQI value could be based on a set of Block Error Rate (BLER) thresholds . The UE would report the CQI value corresponding to the Modulation Coding Schemes that ensures  BLER ≤ 10% based on the measured received signal quality
•    BLER is Calculated using Cyclic Redundancy error Checking method
      High BLER leads to loss of Peak rates & efficiency
      BLER  threshold should be low i.e. ≤ 10%
  
     
DDownlink Throughput
-I    n E-UTRAN  may use a maximum of 2 Tx antennas at the ENodeB and 
       2 Rx antennas at the UE ( MIMO ).
   Significance - Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times
   Release 6 HSDPA i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G ( Over 300 Mbps downlink as compared to 14 Mbps in UMTS)
-    The supported user throughput should scale with the spectrum
      bandwidth.

    Uplink Throughput
-I  n E-UTRAN uses  a maximum of a single Tx antenna at the UE and 2 Rx
    antennas at the E Node B.
 -  Greater user throughput should be achievable using multiple Tx
     antennas at the UE ( MIMO )
.
-  Significance- 
    Target for averaged user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G (Over 50 Mbps Uplink as compared to 5.76 Mbps in UMTS).The user throughput should scale with the spectrum bandwidth provided that the maximum transmit power is also scaled.

Thursday, January 10, 2013

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Wednesday, January 9, 2013

Interview question of GSM


1) Which channel is used to transmit random access signals?
BCCH
CCCH Correct!
SDCCH
TCH
2) Which one of the following is the combination of main BCCH?
TCH+SACCH
FCH+SCH+BCH+CCCH Correct!
SDCCH/8+SACCH/8
FCH+SCH+BCH+SDCCH+SACCH
3) The Value Range of Timing Advance (TA) in GSM is?
0-31
0-127
0-63 Correct!
0-7
4) How many MS can be paged with 1 paging massage with IMSI?
1
2 Correct!
3
4
5) Directed Retry handover means?
TCH to TCH
SDCCH to TCH Correct!
SDCCH to SDCCH
None of Above
6) How many neighbors are measured by MS at a time?
5
6 Correct!
7
8
7) Time Duration of Super Frame?
3 Hour 28 minutes 53 seconds 760 ms
6.12 seconds Correct!
235.65 ms
120 ms
8) Maximum number of characters allowed in one SMS?
160 Correct!
170
180
150
9) If you have 5 MHz frequency band what will be the maximum number of channels as per
GSM system?
25 Correct!
35
20
24
10) Which kind of Handovers more desired in the Network?
Rx Level
Power Budget Correct!
Rx Quality
Interference
11) SDCCH holding time for Normal location update is
3.8ms
3.5sec Correct!
3.5ms
None of them
12) SDCCH holding time for call setup (MOC) is
2.7sec Correct!
3.5sec
2.7ms
3.5ms
13) Same BCCH-BSIC combination in adjacency will lead
Will not cause any problem.
Massive Handove failaur
Call drop
B & C Correct!
14) What is the reason of ping-pong handover
Cable swap
No dominant cell coverage
Improper handover margine
All of above Correct!
15) If there is interference on the BCCH TRx and the call is going on at the hopping Trx
Call will drop
Call will be unafected Correct!
Call will attempt handover due to this interference
None of above
16) If in a cell all KPI is going well but its TCH drop is high, there is no any RF and hardware
issue then this TCH drop will be due to
Transcoder fail Correct!
Lapd fail
A & B
None of them
17) Which system informations are used in idle mode
System information 1,2,3,4,7 & 8 Correct!
System information 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 & 8
System information 1,2,3,4,5,6,9 & 10
System information 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 & 13
18) Which system informations are used for BA list
System information 1,2,3 & 4 Correct!
System information 5,6,8,9,10 & 12
System information 12 & 13
None of them
19) Which system informations are used for MA list
System information 13,10,9 & 4
System information 5 & 6 Correct!
System information 12 & 13
None of them
20) Which system informations are used for GPRS
System information 9 & 4
System information 5 & 6
System information 12 & 13 Correct!
None of them

Resume Format for RF Engineer


                    Dharmendra Kumar Singh
                    Email id:hidharmendrasingh@gmail.com
                    Mobile No: *************
                     Passport No: ********
                                                                                                                                        
0BJECTIVES
                       
 To work in high engineering & skilled environment with positive attitude, seeking assignments in Project management /    Networking / Telecom with an organization of repute in the Telecom sector, to hold a position of responsibility in an organization with an opportunity of growth of the organization along with having a long-term relationship and to conduct myself in such a manner so as to uphold the dignity of profession.                     

                                                                                                 PR0FESSI0NAL SYN0PSIS
Presently 2G / 3G / RF/Telecom Consultant/Corporate Telecom Trainer in United Telecom Limited (UTL Technologies Limited) since July 2012 to Till Date. Ability to perform quality work within deadlines with or without direct supervision and always work with confidence and hard work. Excellent written and oral communications, interpersonal, analytical, abstract reasoning and organizational skills. Extensive knowledge of 2G,3G & Strong knowledge on RF Engineering
EMPL0YMENT RECITAL
      
United telecom Ltd

Associate Telecom Consultant
July 2012 to Till Date
Teleysia Network Pvt. Ltd.
RF PR0JECT C0-0RDINAT0R
Jan 2012- June 2012
Metrotel Works (Akrosh) Pvt Ltd

SR.RF ENGINEER
DEC 2010-Dec-2011
Metrotel (Akrosh Consultants
Pvt Ltd)
RF ENGINEER
OCT 2009- NOV 2010


CURRENT J0B RESP0NSIBILITIES

§  Prepare, schedule and perform training of new hires. Keep knowledge of branch products
§  Offer on-going   training to existing Telecom/RF employees including Practical Training on RF Engineering.
§  Coordinate and implement all activities related to several training courses offered including course and sending out  invitations to participants, instructor scheduling, maintaining sign-in records, ensuring correct room set-up and equipment, creating or ordering materials and maintaining inventory.
§  Recommends research and develops training courses for Telecom Engineers & Provide support for mentoring program for new employees and Foreign                       

                           Current Company Job Profile:
At UTL Group, our expertise across multiple domains along with stable partnerships has been our driving force. We are continuously looking to extend our business horizons beyond Indian shores. Today, our footprint extends over 60-plus nations across South Asia, Africa, America and Europe.

Our international business presence in strategic locations has enabled us to deliver highly reliable solutions, quickly and cost-effectively. Our credibility is established by our ability to work effectively with some of the biggest players across various industries. Some of the business conglomerates and technology partners we work with include Cisco, ZTE, Duratel, UT-Starcom, Polycom and Emerson.

While we are rapidly expanding as one of India's leading business houses, our overriding vision remains unchanged – to offer the best-in-class solutions and services that significantly improve the lifestyles of our customers.



PREVIOUS J0B RESP0NSIBILITIES
      
                 3G-3.5G / UMTS DT (RF Drive Test), DATA ANALYSER, C0-0rdination & FIELD OPTIMIZATION

§  Optimization of UMTS sites based on Coverage_RSCP, Quality_Ec/Io, Pilot pollution,
§  Missing neighbors, Soft Handover using drive test data’s. Optimize to improve Ec/Io (Reduce Pilot Pollution) by improving   RSCP of dominant cells and reducing coverage (Interference) of less dominant sectors through antenna Tilt changes and power changes, thus rectify the overshooting sectors issues.
§  Checking Co scrambling code issues. Adding missing 3G-3G neighbors and deleting the long neighbors using scanner measurements.2G GSM 900/1800 DRIVE TEST, DATA ANALYSER & FIELD OPTIMIZATION: Physical optimization of existing sites. Finding out the Interference problem & rectify the same. Identify the reasons for TCH Blocking, TCH Drop & Handover failures.
§  Primary verification of drive data and taking necessary corrective measures, like Neighbour addition and deletion and interference analyasis.Providing appropriate Tilts (Electrical /Mechanical) to reduce the interference or improve the coverage.3.5G DRIVE TEST - HSDPA & HSUPA drive testing for checking throughput in Network.HSDPA  parameters like CQI, Modulation etc.
                  2G-GSM,RF  DATA ANALYSER, C0-0rdinati0n & FIELD OPTIMIZATION
                                                                                                                             
·         Optimization of GSM sites based on Coverage_Rx Level, Quality_Ec/Io, Pilot pollution
§  Proposing new sit after analysis of coverage issue. Coverage by skewing sectors, down tilt/Up tilt, power increase/decrease by using better antenna gain                                                 
§  Site Auditing and Verifying Hardware, Tilt, Antenna height and Orientation, According to the site database
§  Analyzed the Drive test log files using TEMS Investigation. Find the swap, Interference in the sites during the optimization & resolve the swap .Missing neighbors, Soft Handover using drive test data’s.
       
C0MPLETED PR0JECT
                  
                                  PR0JECT:
                   1) UNINOR-2G:-
§  ALCATEL LUCENT, ORISSA, INDIA
§  Duration: Oct 2009 to  JAN 2010 
                                   2)  VIDEOCON-2G
§  NSN, TAMILNADU, INDIA
§  Duration: FEB2010 to DEC 2010    
                                   3) AIRCEL 3G –
§  HUWEAI, KERALA, INDIA
§  Duration:
                 4) TATA 3G
§  HUWEAI, KERALA, INDIA
§  Duration:
                 5)   IDEA 3G –
§  NSN, KERALA, INDIA
§  Duration:
                  

Tools worked Upon:

                                      TEMS Investigation 8,9,10 & 11
                                      ACTIX
                                      NEMO Outdoor 4 & 5.
                                      ZENEX Probe 2.x & 3.x
                                      Rhodes & Schwartz TSMQ scanner
                                      PCTEL Scanner
                                      MapInfo Professional 8.0, 8.5
                                     MCOM
Technical Skills

                                   Computer Proficiency:  Have a good command over MS Office
                                   Operating Systems:  WINDOWS 98, XP, WINDOW 7

                            Skills, Knowledge and Abilities:
                                  Proven ability to motivate others to study and excel
                                  Ability to work with all levels of bank employees and maintain credibility, trust, and cooperation
                                  Resolve conflict and handle sensitive employee situations
                                   Strong oral communication and presentation skills with ability to teach adults
                                  Strong professional image
                                  Excellent at PC applications to develop training materials and manuals
                                  Demonstrated organizational skills and implementing multiple priorities and plans

Professional & Scholastic Qualifications

Standard
University/School
Year
 Percentage
B.E. (Electronics & Communication Engineering)
(R.G.P.V.)
Shri Ram College of Engineering & Management     Gwalior M.P. India.
2009
70.5%
XII
(Bihar. Board)
Maharaja College, Ara. Bihar India.
2003
58.0%
X
(Bihar. Board)
R.N.P.High School, Ara, Bihar India.
2001
69.0%

PERS0NAL PR0FILE:
                                     Brief Profile:       I am a Committed, gracious and enthusiastic person.
                                      Strengths:      Flexibility, Competitiveness, Cooperativeness  
                                     Date of Birth:      ***********  
                                     Father’s name:    *************
                                     Gender:                 Male
                                     Marital Status:   Single
                                     Language Known: Hindi, English
                                     Nationality:     Indian
                                     Declaration:

                                     I hereby declare that all the information furnished above is true to the best of my knowledge and belief. I shall be responsible for any action if any of the above statements are incorrect at any stage in future.  


               
                                Place: Bangalore
                                 Date-08/01/2013
                                                                                                         
  
                                                                                                                                                                       (Dharmendra Kumar Singh)